المستخدمون والصلاحيات والملكية

في هذا الدرس

read and set file permissions without using chmod 777.

الموضوعات المخطط لها

• Every file has an owner, a group, and three permission sets: owner, group, others, each with read, write, execute.
• ls -l shows them: -rwxr-x---.
• chmod 640 file or chmod u+x file changes permissions; chown user:group file changes ownership.
• Run services as a dedicated, unprivileged user, not root.
• sudo runs one command with admin rights; use it sparingly.